Intel Science Talent Search (Intel STS) is a research-based science competition in the United States primarily for high school students. It has been referred to "the nation's oldest and most prestigious" ^[1] science competition, and the Westinghouse/Intel awards have been referred to as the "Baby Nobels."^[2] In his speech at the dinner honoring the 1991 Winners, President George H. W. Bush called the competition the "Super Bowl of science."^[3]

The Intel STS is administered by the Society for Science & the Public, which began the competition in 1942 with Westinghouse; for many years, the competition was known as the "Westinghouse Science Talent Search." In 1998, Intel became the sponsor after it outbid Siermens, which had acquired Westinghouse's power generation unit . (Siemens subsequently sponsored its own competition.) Over the years, over $3.8 million in scholarships have been awarded through the program.

Nearly all of the entrants work with mentors, as high school students typically do not have the capabilities of doing research projects entirely on their own. The mentors are usually professional researchers,^{[4][citation needed]} and the entrants' work is ordinarily performed over two years in those laboratories.^{[citation needed]} However, the research papers must be all in the entrants' own writing, and the teenage Finalists' papers are regarded to be "college-level, professional quality."^{[5][citation needed]} The selection process is highly competitive, and besides the research paper, letters of recommendation, essays, test scores, extracurricular activities, and high school transcripts may be factored in the selection of finalists and winners.

Each year, approximately 1,600 papers are submitted. The top 300 applicants are announced in mid-January with each semifinalist and their school receiving $1,000. In late January, the 40 finalists (the scholarship winners) are informed. In March, the finalists are flown to Washington, D.C. where they are interviewed for the top ten spots, which have scholarships ranging from $20,000 to $100,000 for the first prize winner. By tradition, at least one of the interviewers is a Nobel Laureate, and the interviewers have included Glenn T. Seaborg (Nobel Laureate with Edwin M. McMillan in Chemistry, 1951) and Joseph Taylor (Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1993).^{[citation needed]} In addition, all finalists receive $5,000 scholarships and an Intel-based computer.

Some Intel STS finalists and winners have gone on to receive higher honors in mathematics, science, and technology: among them, six have received Nobel Prizes^{[citation needed]}; two have earned the Fields Medal; three have been awarded the National Medal of Science; ten have won the MacArthur Fellowship; 56 have been named Sloan Research Fellows; 30 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences; and five have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering

Despite the ultimate importance of the microprocessor, the 4004 and its successors the 8008 and the 8080 were never major revenue contributors at Intel. As the next processor, the 8086 (and its variant the 8088) was completed in 1978, Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign for that chip nicknamed "Operation Crush", and intended to win as many customers for the processor as possible. One design win was the newly created IBM PC division, though the importance of this was not fully realized at the time.

IBM introduced its personal computer in 1981, and it was rapidly successful. In 1982, Intel created the 80286 microprocessor, which, two years later, was used in the IBM PC/AT. Compaq, the first IBM PC "clone" manufacturer, produced a desktop system based on the faster 80286 processor in 1985 and in 1986 quickly followed with the first 80386-based system, beating IBM and establishing a competitive market for PC-compatible systems and setting up Intel as a key component supplier.

In 1975 the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as the Intel iAPX 432. The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. Intel extended the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead.

The Intel Graphics Media Accelerator, or GMA, is Intel's current line of integrated graphics processors built into various motherboard chipsets.

These integrated graphics products allow a computer to be built without a separate graphics card, which can reduce cost, power consumption and noise. They are commonly found on low-priced notebook and desktop computers as well as business computers, which do not need high levels of graphics capability. 90% of all PCs sold have integrated graphics.^[1] They rely on the computer's main memory for storage, which imposes a performance penalty, as both the CPU and GPU have to access memory over the same bus.

The GMA line of GPUs replaces the earlier "Intel Extreme Graphics", and the Intel740 line, which were discrete units in the form of AGP and PCI cards. Later, Intel integrated the i740 core into the Intel 810 chipset.

The original architecture of GMA systems supported only a few functions in hardware, and relied on the host CPU to handle at least some of the graphics pipeline, further decreasing performance. However, with the introduction of Intel’s 4th generation of GMA architecture (GMA X3000) in 2006, many of the functions are now built into the hardware, providing an increase in performance. The 4th generation of GMA combines fixed function capabilities with a threaded array of programmable executions units, providing advantages to both graphics and video performance. Many of the advantages of the new GMA architecture come from the ability to flexibly switch as needed between executing graphics-related tasks or video-related tasks. While GMA performance has been widely criticized in the past as being too slow for computer games, the latest GMA generation should ease many of those concerns for the casual gamer.

Despite similarities, Intel's main series of GMA IGPs is not based on the PowerVR technology Intel licensed from Imagination Technologies. Intel used the low-power PowerVR MBX designs in chipsets supporting their XScale platform, and since the sale of XScale in 2006 has licensed the PowerVR SGX and used it in the GMA 500 IGP for use with their Atom platform.

Intel has begun working on a new series of discrete (non-integrated) graphics hardware products, under the codename Larrabee.

Connection method:

Computer networks can also be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as Optical fiber, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, Power line communication or G.hnr. Ethernet uses physical wiring to connect devices. Frequently deployed devices include hubs, switches, bridges and/or routers.

Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium.

ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network.
Wired Technologies:

Twisted-Pair Wire - This is the most widely used medium for telecommunication. Twisted-pair wires are ordinary telephone wires which consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs and are used for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed range from 2 million bits per second to 100 million bits per second.

Coaxial Cable – These cables are widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other worksites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire wrapped with insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer. The layers of insulation help minimize interference and distortion. Transmission speed range from 200 million to more than 500 million bits per second.

Fiber Optics – These cables consist of one or more thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective layer. It transmits light which can travel over long distance and higher bandwidths. Fiber-optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic radiation. Transmission speed could go up to as high as trillions of bits per second. The speed of fiber optics is hundreds of times faster than coaxial cables and thousands of times faster than twisted-pair wire.

A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers, and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.^[1] It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo

·

Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframe with

components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed-circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit, memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard (see below). In the late 1980s, motherboards began to include single ICs (called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. As of the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

The early pioneers of motherboard manufacturing were Micronics, Mylex, AMI, DTK, Hauppauge, Orchid Technology, Elitegroup, DFI, and a number of Taiwan-based manufacturers.

Popular personal computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.

The term mainboard is archaically applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability. In modern terms this would include embedded systems, and controlling boards in televisions, washing machines etc. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit with the capability to add/extend its performance/capabilities with the addition of "daughterboards".

The history of computing hardware is the record of the constant drive to make computer hardware faster, cheaper, and store more data.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans. Tools to help humans calculate are generally called calculators. Calculators continue to develop, but computers add the critical element of conditional response, allowing automation of both numerical calculation and in general, automation of many symbol-manipulation tasks. Computer technology has undergone profound changes every decade since the 1940s.

Computing hardware has become a platform for uses other than computation, such as automation, communication, control, entertainment, and education. Each field in turn has imposed its own requirements on the hardware, which has evolved in response to those requirements.

Aside from written numerals, the first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices that required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then propel the device through manual manipulations to obtain the result. An example would be a slide rule where numbers are represented by points on a logarithmic scale and computation is performed by setting a cursor and aligning sliding scales. Numbers could be represented in a continuous "analog" form, where a length or other physical property was proportional to the number. Or, numbers could be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanism. Although this approach required more complex mechanisms, it made for greater precision of results.

Both analog and digital mechanical techniques continued to be developed, producing many practical computing machines. Electrical methods rapidly improved the speed and precision of calculating machines, at first by providing motive power for mechanical calculating devices, and later directly as the medium for representation of numbers. Numbers could be represented by voltages or currents and manipulated by linear electronic amplifiers. Or, numbers could be represented as discrete binary or decimal digits, and electrically-controlled switches and combinatorial circuits could perform mathematical operations.

The invention of electronic amplifiers made calculating machines much faster than mechanical or electromechanical predecessors. Vacuum tube amplifiers gave way to discrete transistors, and then rapidly to monolithic integrated circuits. By defeating the Tyranny of numbers, integrated circuits made high-speed and low-cost digital computers a widespread commodity.

This article covers major developments in the history of computing hardware, and attempts to put them in context. For a detailed timeline of events, see the computing timeline article. The history of computing article treats methods intended for pen and paper, with or without the aid of tables. Since all computers rely on digital storage, and tend to be limited by the size and speed of memory, the history of computer data storage is tied to the development of computers.

The Intel 80386, also known as the i386, or just 386,^[1] was a 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1985. The first versions had 275,000 transistors and were used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers and workstations. As the original implementation of the 32-bit extensions to the 8086 architecture, the 80386 instruction set, programming model, and binary encodings are still the common denominator for all 32-bit x86 processors. This is termed x86, IA-32, or the i386-architecture, depending on context.

The 80386 could correctly execute most code intended for earlier 16-bit x86 processors such as the 80286; following the same tradition, modern 64-bit x86 processors are able to run most programs written for older chips, all the way back to the original 16-bit 8086 of 1978. Over the years, successively newer implementations of the same architecture have become several hundreds of times faster than the original 80386 (and thousands of times faster than the 8086). A 33 MHz 80386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4 MIPS.^[2]

The 80386 was launched in October 1985, and full-function chips were first delivered in 1986.^[vague] Mainboards for 80386-based computer systems were at first expensive to buy, but prices were rationalized upon the 80386's mainstream adoption. The first personal computer to make use of the 80386 was designed and manufactured by Compaq.^[3]

In May 2006, Intel announced that production of the 80386 would cease at the end of September 2007.^[4] Although it has long been obsolete as a personal computer CPU, Intel and others had continued to manufacture the chip for embedded systems. Embedded systems that utilise a 80386 or one of its derivatives are widely used in aerospace technology.

The bland official name of Intel's DP55KG motherboard—the "Intel Desktop Board DP55KG Extreme Series"—doesn't suggest that the company's motherboards are no longer limited to dull, corporate options for system builders. It takes just one look at the actual board, though, to get the point. With a blue-backlit motherboard boasting a glowing white skull, whose eerie red eyes flash in sequence with hard drive accesses, the DP55KG doesn't need an edgy name to get across that it's not aimed at the IT-manager crowd. With SLI and CrossFire support, deep overclocking options, and support for Intel's latest Core i5 and i7 processors, the DP55KG is aimed dead-on at the enthusiast market. We tested one out with two of Intel's latest Core i5 and i7 processors, and we think it hits the target in most aspects—even if, at around $200, it remains a premium-priced board.

The DP55KG is one of the first motherboards built around Intel's P55 Express chipset, design to support the new "Lynnfield"-series Core i5 and Core i7 processors. Though it's not as powerful as the high-end X58 chipset (which mates with Intel's highest-end, Socket 1366-based Core i7 chips), the P55 chipset is no slouch. It moves from the dual Northbridge/Southbridge format that Intel has used for many years to a single-chip solution. The most significant differences compared with the X58 chipset are its support for dual-channel memory instead of triple-channel, and its support for up to two graphics cards, versus up to four with the X58 chipset.

The P55 chipset used in the DP55KG also introduces a new CPU socket: Socket 1156. You can install either a Core i5 or one of the two new 800-series Core i7 processors in it. It's not compatible with the 900-series Core i7 chips (which require Socket 1366 motherboards based on the X58 chipset) or with older Core 2 chips.

The DP55KG includes four memory slots, supporting up to 16GB of DDR3 memory at up to 1,600MHz. X58-based Core i7 motherboards use triple-channel memory and require you to install three identical memory modules to take full advantage of the available memory bandwidth. The DP55KG, on the other hand, uses dual-channel memory, so you can add DIMMs in pairs. Despite the board not having as much bandwidth as a triple-channel design would allow, we saw very little speed difference when comparing similarly clocked Core i7 chips on P55 and X58 motherboards.

The board features one PCI Express (PCIe) x16 slot, a PCIe x8 slot for a second graphics card, a pair of PCIe x1 slots, and two ordinary PCI slots. The DP55KG supports dual graphics cards using either Nvidia SLI or ATI CrossFireX technologies. Note, though: Because the second graphics-card slot is only an x8 slot, you won't be able to take advantage of the full bandwidth of both cards, and performance is likely to be slower than it would be on an X58-chipset board with dual PCIe x16 slots.

Intel® Core™ processors are the newest, smartest, and fastest processors from Intel, delivering outstanding intelligent performance. The culmination of 40 years of technology leadership, Intel Core processors are the foundation for reliable, responsive, energy-efficient PCs. The highest performing desktop processor on the planet.¹ Shatter the limits of desktop computing with the intelligent performance of the Intel® Core™ i7-975 processor Extreme Edition, the smartest way to blast through highly-threaded games and applications. Conquer the world of extreme gaming with the fastest processor on the planet: the Intel® Core™ i7 processor Extreme Edition.¹ With faster, intelligent multi-core technology that responds to your workload, it delivers an incredible breakthrough in gaming performance. With faster, intelligent multi-core technology that automatically applies processing power where it's needed most, Intel® Core™ i7 processors deliver an incredible breakthrough in PC performance. They're the best desktop processors family on the planet.¹

Intel recognizes that technology and creative collaboration can fuel economic development in the 21st century. Intel’s strategic alliances work to prepare students around the world to thrive in the knowledge economy.

In 1988, Intel introduced the i386SX, a low cost version of the 80386 with a 16-bit data bus. The CPU remained fully 32-bit internally, but the 16-bit bus was intended to simplify circuit board layout and reduce total cost.^[6] The 16-bit bus simplified designs but hampered performance. Only 24 pins were connected to the address bus, therefore limiting addressing to 16 MB,^[7] but this was not a critical constraint at the time. Performance differences were due not only to differing databus-widths, but also to performance-enhancing cache memories often employed on boards using the original chip.
The original 80386 was subsequently renamed i386DX to avoid confusion. However, Intel subsequently used the 'DX' suffix to refer to the floating-point capability of the i486DX. The i387SX was an i387 part that was compatible with the i386SX (i.e. with a 16-bit databus). The 386SX was packaged in a surface-mount QFP, and sometimes offered in a socket to allow for an upgrade.

Environmental innovation is at the heart of Intel's manufacturing processes. Utilizing an extensive network of engineers, we're consistently developing new technologies that deliver responsible product design along with sustainable and eco-focused programs.

Operating 24/7 in plants around the world, Intel's manufacturing processes are precision tuned to perform with maximum efficiency and quality to produce fast, smart, and more energy-efficient technologie

As part of the Intel platform vision for architectural innovation, Intel is researching an Energy-Efficient System Architecture (EESA). EESA is a collection of technologies and architectural improvements that together will result in dramatically higher performance per watt for systems across market segments from small form factor to high performance servers. This research is concentrated on improving the power profile of Intel components, taking a systems approach to designing power efficient platforms, and collaborating with industry partners and customers to develop broader energy-efficient system solutions.

A largest company of Computers in all over the world

Because our global infrastructure relies on the stability and consistent interoperability between devices, Intel invests significant resources in standards and initiatives while collaborating with global industry leaders to pioneer technological advances that both establish and maintain the highest level of standards-based innovation.

The ATAPI CD-ROM connector is a 1 x 4-pin connector that connects an internal ATAPI CD-ROM drive to the audio mixer. The connector typically appears as shown in the following graphic.

The branded Intel® Desktop Boards listed below do not include an onboard ATAPI CD-ROM connector. These boards include a digital audio solution which does not require an additional cable connection between the CD-ROM drive and the onboard ATAPI CD-ROM connector.

To enable digital audio, your CD-ROM/DVD drive must support digital audio and must be enabled for it. Check the properties of your CD-ROM/DVD drive in Device Manager .

The next advancement in ubiquitous technology is superspeed USB(3.0) that will deliver over targeted 10x the speed of today's Hi-Speed USB connections. The technology targets fast PC sync-and-go transfer of applications, to meet the demands of CE and mobile segments focused on high density digital content and media.

USB 3.0 will create a backward-compatible standard with the same ease-of-use and plug and play capabilities of previous USB technologies. Targeting over 10x performance increase at 5Gbps data rates, the technology will draw from the same architecture of wired USB. In addition, the USB 3.0 specification will be optimized for low power and improved protocol efficiency.

Unlock your computing experience on-the-go with mobile optimized processor technologies from Intel. Providing revolutionary levels of performance, long battery life, and expansive connectivity, along with enhanced security and manageability for business, Intel® technologies enable a powerful computing experience in sleek, thin, and light notebook designs

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a set of connectivity specifications developed by Intel in collaboration with industry leaders. USB allows high-speed, easy connection of peripherals to a PC. When plugged in, everything configures automatically. USB is the most successful interconnect in the history of personal computing and has migrated into consumer electronics (CE) and mobile products.

ntel® Active Monitor is an alerting utility created by Intel and available exclusively on Intel® Desktop Boards¹. As PCs increase in performance and decrease in size, monitoring the cooling and overall system health becomesmore important. The Intel Active Monitor works with specialized sensors on your Intel Desktop Board to constantly monitor the system's temperatures, power supply voltages, and fan speeds. If temperatures become extremely hot or asystem fan or power supply fails, the user is immediately notified.

In addition to displaying cooling information, Intel Active Monitor makes it easy for a user to identify the processor type and speed, look up desktop board, chipset, and memory information, and customize the alerts that may begenerated and their thresholds. The Intel Active Monitor utility requires less than 1% of system resources.

Note: Before you upgrade your computer's operating system to Windows XP, be sure to first uninstall the previous version of Intel Active Monitor as described in the README.txt file.

Note: Users with Intel® Pentium® 4 processors with 512KB cache or Intel® Celeron® processors in the 478-pin package should use Intel Active Monitor v1.17 or later for proper processor identification.

Behold the Razr of laptops. The thinnest notebook computer ever, this new machine created by Ziba Design and Intel, packs enough futuristic features to make a geek's head spin.

On the outside, from its no-rim screen to its groovy keyboard, the notebook is gloriously smooth and streamlined. A special accessory-a leather-like folder that wraps around the laptop and attaches with magnets-serves as a wireless charger and an external screen that lets users check e-mail without opening the computer. Add a strap, and the whole thing turns into a bag that can be adorned with a favorite picture on the screen.

Inside, meanwhile, there's built-in wireless compatibility with WiMax, a speedier, longer-range cousin of Wi-Fi that's just starting to reach the market.

Powered By:
Usama Shakeel
onlyusama@gmail.com

• The news -- Unveiling of Intel® Centrino® 2 Mobile Technology and five new processors – three of which that run at just 25 Watts – plus all-new chipset and wireless products. Also: an Extreme Edition version, the world's highest performing dual-core mobile processor. Centrino 2 boosts every major feature that consumers and businesses love about their laptops. Intel will also introduce eight more ultra-low voltage and the company's first-ever quad-cores for laptops within 90 days.
• The context -- For consumers, all of these new innovations and enhancements combine to bring 'HD-on-the-Go,' stunning high definition and for the first time the ability to view a typical Blu-ray* movie on a single battery charge. For businesses, Intel Centrino 2 vPro Technology offers added security and manageability capabilities.
• Why it matters -- Notebook PCs in all shapes and sizes are very popular, outselling desktop computers in the U.S. (and soon around the world). Intel-based laptops incorporating these new features improve upon every major facet of a notebook PC – increased performance, improved energy-efficiency for longer battery life, speedier and longer-range wireless connections (Wi-Fi and later WiMAX), thinner and lighter styles and new business-class features.

Intel is committed to continue introducing new and innovative process technologies according to Moore's Law, delivering great leaps in performance, new levels of energy efficiency, and lower cost per function to the end user

As the foundation for Intel's processor-technology, Intel® microarchitecture employs next-generation, 45nm multi-core technology. Optimized to deliver state-of-the-art features that raise the bar on energy-efficient performance, Intel microarchitecture continues to be the catalyst for innovative new designs.

This pen sort of instrument produces both the monitor as well as the keyboard on flat surfaces from where you can just carry out the normal operations you do on your desktop.

The Intel World Ahead Program connects people with programs promoting technology access, Internet connectivity, and more. Additionally, the Intel-powered classmate PC delivers opportunity across the globe.

As our future becomes increasingly connected, Intel is developing advanced technologies that are enabling an entirely new line of laptops, Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs), and more.

Innovate on the go with robust security and manageability features, longer battery life, and faster wireless connections built into notebooks powered by Intel Centrino 2 with vPro technology.

Intel Research showed me a demo of their Platform Power Mangment system. Essentially, they're applying the smart, quick, hardware level idling you find on a CPU to many system parts. The result: systems that idle at 10x less juice.

The tech is applied to things like USB ports, which in 3.0, will go from polling (clock based, always checking) devices to being managed via events, so they can sleep whenever not being used. And graphics, when the page isn't changing, can be run out of a Frame BUFFER so the GPU and video RAM can sleep. When I say more sleep, I mean for additional milliseconds or longer. This adds up, over the course of a day when people stop to read or step away from their computers. In the past, the OS controlled the power savings, and that required power to process in turn, so you were using the system's power to manage power, keeping those other components from ever really turning off. By doing power mangment with more granularity, in hardware and software together, you can switching things on/off fast enough to fit in lots of "naps" and you can also do it with less processing overhead.

Extreme performance, reliability, and power savings for servers, storage and workstationsThe Intel® Extreme SATA Solid-State Drive (SSD) offers outstanding performance and reliability, delivering the highest IOPS per watt for servers, storage and high-end workstations.

Assemble an optimized platform tailored to your unique needs with Intel® Desktop Boards or accelerate your server with motherboard technology that features new levels of fast, reliable performance.

"Chip Shots" is an official Intel bulletin board from Intel's corporate communications group. You are free to use these entries in any way you wish. If you are looking for Intel blogs, please visit onlyusama.blogspot.com. If you have a comment about this bulletin board, please send an e-mail to onlyusama@gmail.com. If you wish to contact an Intel press relations manager, please visit this url "onlyusama.blogspot.com" page or call 00923453316663.

The chip giant seems to have gotten carried away with its strategy: because the Athlon processes faster than the Pentium 4 at the same clock speed, the clock speed had to increase as quickly as possible. Today, Pentium 4 processors work at speeds of up to 3.06 GHz and with 533 MHz FSB. But that's still not enough: dual-channel storage controllers and even faster system clock speeds (up to 200 MHz quad-pumped) are next. In addition, Intel is continuing to develop HyperThreading technology, which provides better allocation of the processor's capabilities and enhances utilization.

Going in another direction, AMD is concentrating on the 64 bit Athlon so that it can continue to be a player in the future. For several weeks, however, Athlon's top model (Athlon XP 2800+) has been getting less attention for its performance and more for its unavailability. Additionally, Athlon XP can only keep apace with the fastest Pentium 4 CPUs if it is combined with a high-caliber platform. We are referring to thenForce2 chipset by nVIDIA , which can work with dual-channel DDR333 or DDR400.

Load Balancing With HyperThreading

HyperThreading could be considered both a blessing and a curse. It's a curse for AMD in some benchmarks, which lose in performance. But it's a blessing for anyone who can afford a 3 GHz P4 and can therefore see the hidden advantages of multiprocessing, i.e. more parallelism through the use of the existing potential that has been misused until now. In the high-end range, however, HyperThreading offers real added value. And whoever doesn't want it can simply turn this function off in the computer's BIOS.

The AGP connector installed on many Pentium® 4 processor-based Desktop Boards is keyed for 1.5V AGP cards only.

The AGP connector is not mechanically compatible with 3.3V AGP cards. To some the 1.5V AGP connector may appear backwards due to the connector key being exactly the opposite of the 3.3V AGP connector.

"This is our smallest processor built with the world's smallest transistors. The Intel® Atom™ processor is based on an entirely new design, built for low power and designed specifically for a new wave of Mobile Internet Devices and simple, low-cost PC's. This small wonder is a fundamental new shift in design, small yet powerful enough to enable a big Internet experience on these new devices. We believe it will unleash new innovation across the industry."

– Created by Usama Shakeel

As Intel's smallest and lowest power processor², the Intel® Atom™ processor enables the latest Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs), and another new category of devices for the internet called netbooks and nettops.

Intel's digital heath division created this prototype portable doctor's assistant. The round knob in the top right hand corner is a wireless detachable Bluetooth stethoscope, while the three modules at the base customise the unit for different tasks

A selection of concept handtop PCs, which combine full PC functionality with a PDA-like form factor. Now you too can run XP in a box small enough to lose down the back of the sofa

A DVB-H adaptor for digital television on the move. UK company Crown Castle is one of the big names behind this new standard, which promises 16 channels delivered wirelessly to PDA or laptop

The 82559 Fast Ethernet controller with an integrated 10/100 Mbps physical layer device is Intel’s leading solution for PCI board LAN designs. It is designed for use in Network Interface Cards (NICs), PC LAN On Motherboard (LOM) designs, embedded systems and networking system products. The 82559 combines a low power and small package design which is ideal for power and space constrained environments. The 82559 continues Intel's platform LAN technology leadership supporting: Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 1.20A based power management, wake on Magic Packet*, wake on interesting packet, advanced System Management Bus (SMB) based manageability, Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0 compliance, IP checksum assist, PCI 2.2 compliance, and PC 98, PC 99, Server 99, and PC 2000 compliance. Designs based on the 82559 for desktop systems, laptops, PC cards and servers will set a new industry standard for energy conservation.

Optimized Integration for Low Cost Solution

	Integrated IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX compatible PHY
	Glueless 32-bit PCI master interface
	Modem interface for LAN/modem combination solutions
	128 Kbyte Flash interface
	Integrated power management functions
	Thin BGA 15x15mm package

Wired for Management (WfM) Support

	WfM 2.0 compliance
	System Management Bus (SMB) support for advanced management support
	Power management capabilities
	Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 1.20A, and PCI Power Management specifications compliance
	Magic Packet* support
	Wake on interesting packets and link status change support
	Remote power-up support

High-performance Networking Functions

	Highly efficient chained memory structure similar to the 82558, 82557, and 82596 enabling backwards compatible software
	Dynamic transmit chaining with multiple priorities transmit queues
	Full duplex support at both 10 and 100 Mbps operation
	IEEE 802.3u Auto-Negotiation support
	3 Kbyte Transmit FIFO and 3 Kbyte Receive FIFO
	Back-to-back transmission support with minimum interframe spacing
	IEEE 802.3x 100BASE-TX Flow Control support
	Enhanced Adaptive Technology capabilities
	TCP/UDP checksum off-load capabilities

Low Power Features

	Low power 3.3 V device
	Glueless 32-bit PCI bus master interface
	Efficient dynamic standby mode
	Deep power-down support
	Clockrun protocol support